Pregnancy, Birth, and Beyond: What to Expect (Even the TMI)

---

Early pregnancy can feel confusing because many symptoms—like cramping, bloating, mood changes, or fatigue—can also mimic pre-period signs. Unfortunately, there’s no way to know for sure just based on how you feel.

The most reliable way to confirm pregnancy is with a home pregnancy test after you’ve missed your period. These tests detect hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), a hormone your body produces after implantation. For even earlier confirmation, your provider can order a blood test to measure hCG levels and see if they are rising appropriately.

Patience is key in those early days—your body is already doing a lot, and even when the symptoms are confusing, waiting for a test or a blood check is the only way to know for sure.

Routine prenatal care often includes bloodwork, genetic screening, and ultrasounds. These tests help monitor your health and your baby’s development. 

Anatomy scans around 20 weeks give a detailed look at your baby’s organs and growth, while other routine checks ensure your placenta, amniotic fluid, and overall pregnancy are progressing safely. 

Around 24–28 weeks, most parents are offered a gestational diabetes screening to check how your body is processing sugar during pregnancy. 

For some parents, additional testing or ultrasounds may be recommended—especially if you have certain medical conditions like thyroid disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, or are considered of “advanced maternal age.” In these cases, you may be referred to a maternal-fetal medicine specialist for closer monitoring. 

While waiting for results can feel nerve-wracking, these tests provide valuable information that helps your care team catch potential issues early and guide you through a safe, healthy pregnancy.

Spotting or bleeding during pregnancy can be nerve-wracking, as it’s sometimes associated with miscarriage. That said, not all bleeding is a sign of something serious.

Early in pregnancy, some people experience implantation bleeding—light spotting that can occur when the fertilized egg attaches to the lining of the uterus. This is usually harmless and often happens around the time you might expect your period.

Later on, a subchorionic hemorrhage—a small collection of blood between the placenta and the uterine wall—can also cause light bleeding or spotting. These are often harmless but should be monitored by your provider.

Toward the end of pregnancy, bleeding can sometimes occur after cervical checks or internal exams. While it might look alarming, it’s often just temporary irritation of the cervix.

Because bleeding can have many causes and understandably creates anxiety, it’s important to call your care team anytime you notice blood, even if it’s light. They can guide you on whether it’s safe to watch and wait or if further evaluation is needed.

“Nausea” during pregnancy is often called “morning sickness,” but the truth is it can strike at any time of day—or even all day. Many parents describe it like a constant hangover: queasy stomach, aversions to certain smells or foods, and just generally feeling off.

For many people, nausea eases after the first trimester, but for some, it can persist throughout pregnancy. Most of the time, it’s manageable with small, frequent meals, ginger, staying hydrated, and rest.

In rarer cases, nausea and vomiting can become severe enough to cause weight loss or dehydration—a condition called hyperemesis gravidarum. If this happens, it’s important to contact your provider, as medical support may be needed to keep both you and your baby safe and healthy.

Stretch marks on the stomach or breasts are common and happen as your skin stretches to accommodate your growing baby.

Genetics, hormones, and rapid growth all play a role in whether you develop stretch marks. While you can’t always prevent them completely, keeping your skin moisturized can help.

Many parents swear by  Bio-Oil, which can support hydration and improve the appearance of stretch marks over time. 

Remember: stretch marks are a natural part of your body’s journey—and a reminder of the incredible work it’s doing.

Gaining weight during pregnancy is completely normal, and how much varies from person to person depending on pre-pregnancy weight, health, and multiple pregnancies. 

Rather than focusing on a number on the scale, try to focus on nourishing your body and your baby with balanced, nutrient-dense foods. 

Prenatal vitamins are important, especially folic acid, iron, and DHA, to support your baby’s development. 

Staying hydrated and listening to your body’s hunger and fullness cues can also make a big difference. 

Remember, cravings are normal—enjoy them in moderation, and don’t beat yourself up if your food preferences shift.

As your body changes, comfort becomes a priority. Supportive bras, belly bands, soft stretchy clothes, and well-fitting shoes can make a huge difference in how you feel day to day. Maternity pillows, especially for sleeping on your side, can relieve back and hip pain. Don’t be afraid to invest in comfort—it can reduce aches, improve sleep, and make the later months of pregnancy more manageable.

Pregnancy can be exhausting, especially in the first and third trimesters. 

Early on, your body is working overtime to support a growing fetus, and later, the physical changes—like a bigger belly, back pain, and frequent trips to the bathroom—can make sleep difficult. 

Short naps, a relaxing bedtime routine, and supportive pillows can help, but it’s also okay to lower expectations for productivity. 

Your body is doing the hard work of growing a human—rest is vital!

Hormonal shifts, physical discomfort, and the anticipation of parenthood can lead to a rollercoaster of emotions. Feeling anxious, tearful, or irritable at times is completely normal. That said, if mood changes feel overwhelming or persistent, reaching out for support is important. Talking with a therapist, joining a prenatal support group, or confiding in someone you trust can help you process your feelings and prevent them from building up. Taking your emotional health as seriously as your physical health is key to a healthy pregnancy.

As your uterus grows, it can press on your bladder, leading to more frequent trips to the bathroom. Constipation is also common due to hormonal changes that slow digestion, and sometimes the iron in prenatal vitamins can contribute. Staying hydrated, eating fiber-rich foods, gentle exercise, and going to the bathroom when you feel the urge can help manage these discomforts. If constipation becomes severe, even with adequate water intake, your body may not be absorbing enough electrolytes—trying electrolyte-enhanced water, like Smart Water, can help. If discomfort becomes unbearable or painful, be sure to talk to your healthcare provider about other safe remedies.

Swelling in your feet, ankles, hands, or face is common, especially in the later months of pregnancy. Mild swelling is usually normal, but sudden or severe swelling, especially in the face or around the eyes, could be a sign of preeclampsia and needs prompt medical attention. Elevating your feet when possible, avoiding long periods of standing, and staying hydrated can help. Compression socks or supportive shoes can also be a lifesaver.

Feeling your baby move is reassuring and exciting, but it can also bring anxiety if patterns change. In the third trimester, most providers ask you to monitor fetal movement, noting the number of kicks or movements in a certain period each day. It’s normal for movement patterns to change slightly as your baby grows, but sudden decreases or absence of movement warrants a call to your care team. Paying attention to your baby’s activity helps you stay connected and ensures your care team can check in if something seems off.

Heartburn is a common complaint during pregnancy, and it can be intense and  uncomfortable. Interestingly, some studies suggest a link between heartburn severity and the amount of hair your baby may have at birth. The good news is that heartburn usually eases or goes away entirely after delivery. Smaller meals, avoiding spicy or acidic foods, and staying upright after eating can help reduce discomfort.

Many people experience sharp or dull aches in the lower belly or hips during pregnancy, especially in the second and third trimesters. This is often caused by round ligament pain, which happens as the ligaments supporting the uterus stretch to accommodate your growing baby. Movements like standing up quickly, rolling over in bed, or sudden twists can trigger a brief, stabbing sensation. While uncomfortable, round ligament pain is usually harmless. Gentle stretching, slow movements, and supportive maternity wear can help ease the discomfort. If the pain is severe, persistent, or accompanied by bleeding, cramping, or fever, it’s important to contact your healthcare provider.

Sciatic pain is surprisingly common as your growing belly can put extra pressure on the sciatic nerve, causing sharp, shooting pain down your lower back, hips, or legs. It can make standing, walking, or even getting comfortable at night challenging. Gentle stretching, prenatal yoga, pelvic floor and core exercises, and supportive pillows can help relieve pressure. If the pain is persistent or severe, a pelvic floor physical therapist or prenatal PT can guide you safely.

Feeling your baby move is reassuring and exciting, but it can also bring anxiety if patterns change. In the third trimester, most providers ask you to monitor fetal movement, noting the number of kicks or movements in a certain period each day. It’s normal for movement patterns to change slightly as your baby grows, but sudden decreases or absence of movement warrants a call to your care team. Paying attention to your baby’s activity helps you stay connected and ensures your care team can check in if something seems off.

 As you near the end of pregnancy, you may notice increased discharge, leaking fluid, or some spotting—especially as your body prepares for labor. Panty liners can be a lifesaver, keeping you comfortable and feeling clean.

Toward the end of pregnancy, your provider may offer cervical checks at each appointment to see if your cervix is softening, thinning (effacement), or opening (dilation) in preparation for labor. These checks are completely optional—you always have the right to decline—but for some people, they provide helpful information about how your body is progressing.

Dilation refers to how open your cervix is, measured in centimeters from 0 to 10, with 10 being fully open for delivery. Effacement refers to how thin and stretched your cervix has become, measured in percentages from 0% to 100%. Both give your care team a snapshot of your readiness for labor, but it’s important to remember that your cervix can stay at the same dilation or effacement for days or even weeks. Cervical checks can guide expectations, but they don’t predict exactly when labor will start—so take the information as helpful context rather than a guarantee.

Later in pregnancy, you may notice irregular, sometimes uncomfortable contractions. These “practice contractions” help your uterus get ready for labor, but they don’t mean labor has started. They can be triggered by activity, dehydration, or a full bladder. They’re usually painless or mildly uncomfortable, go away with rest or hydration, and tend to be unpredictable. Knowing the difference between Braxton Hicks and real contractions can help you avoid unnecessary worry.

If you’re planning a hospital birth, taking a tour can familiarize you with the environment before the big day. Seeing the labor and delivery rooms, learning where to park, and meeting some staff can reduce anxiety and make you feel more confident when labor begins.

Those final weeks of pregnancy can feel long, uncomfortable, and exhausting. Everyone seems to have advice for how to “get labor started”—walks, spicy food, even eggplant. While some of these methods may give your body a gentle nudge, there’s no guaranteed trick. Listen to your body, stay as comfortable as possible, and remember: your baby will come when the time is right.

Signs of labor isn't always start the same for everyone. For some, it begins with contractions that gradually intensify and become regular. For others, their water breaks first, either as a gush or a slow leak. And sometimes, labor doesn’t start on its own at all, and your care team may recommend an induction. Knowing the possibilities ahead of time can help you feel more prepared and less surprised.

Your mucus plug seals the cervix during pregnancy to protect your baby from infection. Toward the end of pregnancy, it may come out all at once or gradually, and may be clear, pink, or blood-streaked (“bloody show”). It’s usually a sign your body is getting ready for labor—but not a guarantee labor will start immediately.

Membrane stripping, sometimes called “sweeping the membranes,” is a procedure late in pregnancy to encourage labor. It involves gently separating the amniotic sac from the cervix, which can release hormones to trigger contractions. Some people feel mild cramping or spotting afterward, while others barely notice it. This procedure is typically performed by a healthcare professional, such as an obstetrician (OB/GYN) or a certified midwife.

In the last few weeks of pregnancy, you may notice your baby “dropping” lower into the pelvis, a change called lightening. This often makes breathing a little easier since there’s less pressure on your diaphragm, but it can also increase pressure on your bladder, pelvis, and hips. Some people notice they can eat more comfortably, while others experience more frequent urination, pelvic pressure, or even back discomfort. Lightening can happen gradually or seem to occur all at once, and it’s a normal sign that your body is preparing for labor.

Water breaking doesn’t always look like it does in the movies. Sometimes it’s a big gush, sometimes a slow trickle, and sometimes it doesn’t happen at all until labor is well underway. For some people, their water breaking is the first sign of labor. For others, contractions begin first, and the water may not break naturally until later—or it may be broken manually by a healthcare professional. Some people also have a hard time telling amniotic fluid from urine. In these cases, healthcare providers can use pH test strips to confirm whether it’s truly amniotic fluid.

Early contractions can feel like strong period cramps for some, and barely noticeable for others. Labor can build gradually or go from nothing to intense very quickly. Knowing the range of normal can help you stay calm.

Contractions are the tightening and relaxing of the uterine muscles that help your body prepare for and progress through labor. Many people describe them as a wave-like pressure or a hardening of the belly that comes and goes. They can feel like strong menstrual cramps, a tight band around the abdomen, or a deep pressure in the pelvis.

Early contractions may be irregular and mild, but as labor progresses, they usually become stronger, longer, and closer together. A common guideline is to consider going to the hospital or birthing center when contractions are about five minutes apart, lasting around one minute each, for at least an hour (sometimes called the “5-1-1 rule”). However, your healthcare provider may give you personalized instructions based on your pregnancy and medical history, so it’s always best to follow their guidance.

Sometimes labor doesn’t start on its own, or there’s a medical reason to encourage it, and your care team may recommend induction. Common methods include:

• Pitocin – a medication that stimulates contractions.
• Cytotec (misoprostol) – a medication used to help ripen (soften and thin) the cervix and sometimes start contractions.
   

Induction can help labor progress, but it may feel more intense than natural contractions, so having support and coping strategies in place is important. It’s also normal for plans to shift—your provider will guide you through timing, dosing, and monitoring to keep both you and your baby safe. Knowing what to expect can make the process feel less intimidating and more manageable.

It’s great to have an idea of what you’d like your birth experience to look like—music, lighting, pain management preferences, who’s in the room—but it’s just as important to stay flexible. Birth rarely goes exactly as planned. Sometimes things take a turn, and additional equipment, interventions, or methods become necessary. That doesn’t mean you’ve failed—it means your care team is responding to what’s best for you and your baby in that moment. The one thing we know for sure? A baby is coming out of you. If you can know your preferences but hold them loosely, you’ll be better able to adapt and protect yourself from unnecessary disappointment or birth trauma that can come from feeling like your plan “went wrong.” Flexibility is a powerful form of preparation.

Deciding when—or if—to get an epidural is completely personal. Some parents choose it early in labor, others wait until contractions become intense, and some change their minds multiple times. Whatever you decide, there’s no shame in prioritizing your comfort and safety. Labor is unpredictable, and being flexible with pain management options can help you feel more in control and supported throughout the process.

Sometimes during labor, your care team may ask if you want your water artificially broken, also called an amniotomy. This can help speed up labor by stimulating contractions, but it’s typically offered only when it’s safe for you and your baby. Keep in mind there’s usually a 24-hour window for labor to progress after this procedure, and your provider will guide you on timing and what to expect. It’s an option, not a requirement, and you can ask questions or decline if you’re unsure.

Sometimes, a C-section is planned ahead of time rather than happening unexpectedly. This can be for a variety of reasons: your baby’s position, placenta location, previous C-sections, certain medical conditions, or a scheduled induction that ends in a surgical birth. 

Scheduled C-sections are typically planned around 39 weeks to balance fetal maturity with minimizing risks of going past term. Knowing your C-section date can help you mentally and physically prepare for birth, plan support at home, and anticipate the recovery process. Even with a planned date, it’s helpful to stay flexible—sometimes labor can start early, or medical factors can change the timing..

During delivery, your healthcare team may use various tools or interventions to help guide your baby safely or support your birthing process. These can include a vacuum extractor or forceps to gently assist with delivery if labor isn’t progressing or the baby shows signs of distress. In some cases, an episiotomy—a small incision in the perineum—may be performed to help the baby come out more easily. Fetal scalp monitors can track your baby’s heart rate more closely when needed, and umbilical cord clamps and scissors are used after birth to safely secure and cut the cord. If a cesarean becomes necessary, surgical instruments such as scalpels, retractors, and clamps are used. Finally, birthing beds, positioning aids, and stirrups can help you find a supportive and effective position during labor. You have the right to ask your care team to explain why any tool or intervention is needed, how it will be used, and what to expect, always prioritizing the safety of both you and your baby.

In the United States, it’s common to give birth lying on your back in a hospital bed. However, many birthing people find that changing positions during labor can help manage pain, encourage labor to progress, and make pushing more effective. Options include squatting, kneeling, hands-and-knees, side-lying, or using a birthing stool. Even with an epidural, some positions can be modified to provide comfort and help your baby descend. Your care team can guide you on safe and supportive positions, and you have the right to advocate for what feels best for you to ensure labor and delivery work in your favor.

During labor, your baby’s heart rate and your contractions may be monitored to ensure that both of you are doing well. Monitoring can be continuous, using a belt or internal fetal scalp electrode, or intermittent, where the baby is checked at intervals. Continuous monitoring is often recommended if there are risk factors or complications, but intermittent monitoring may be used for low-risk pregnancies. Your care team will explain what type of monitoring is needed and why, helping you understand what’s happening at each stage of labor.

There are many ways to manage labor discomfort, and what works can vary from person to person. Some parents choose medication options like epidurals or nitrous oxide, while others rely on non-medical strategies such as breathing techniques, labor balls, hydrotherapy (water labor or showers), massage, or support from a partner or doula. Often, a combination of approaches provides the most comfort. Your care team can help you explore options, adjust strategies as labor progresses, and support you in finding what works best for your body.

Let’s normalize this one: pushing a baby out uses the same muscles as having a bowel movement. So yes, it’s possible you may poop a little while pushing. But here’s the truth—your nurses won’t care, your doctor won’t care, and honestly, you won’t care either. They’re used to it, they’ll clean it up instantly, and you’ll be far too focused on meeting your baby to notice.

Sometimes a baby passes their first stool, called meconium, while still in the womb. In most cases, this is harmless, but the care team may have a NICU nurse present at delivery as a precaution. This is standard practice and doesn’t always mean intervention is needed—though it can result in extra observation or paperwork. While it may feel stressful, your baby is usually just fine, and this is a common occurrence

Some parents find it empowering to watch their baby emerge during delivery, and it’s completely okay to ask for a mirror if that’s something you’d like. Seeing the birth in real time can help you feel more connected to the process and your baby, and for many, it’s an unforgettable part of the experience. Just remember, it’s entirely optional—some parents love it, some prefer to keep their eyes closed—and either choice is completely valid.

After your baby is born, many parents hope for delayed cord clamping and immediate skin-to-skin contact—often called the “golden hour.” This time allows your baby to get extra blood from the placenta, helps regulate their temperature and heart rate, and promotes bonding and breastfeeding. However, sometimes medical needs for either you or your baby mean it isn’t possible to have the full golden hour. That’s completely okay. Even if it doesn’t happen exactly as planned, there will be plenty of opportunities to bond, cuddle, and nurture your baby in the hours and days that follow.

After your baby is born, your body still has one more job: delivering the placenta. You’ll likely be so busy cuddling, feeding, and marveling at your new baby that this step may feel almost effortless compared with labor and delivery. Your care team will check to make sure the entire placenta has come out, because any remaining pieces can increase the risk of bleeding or hemorrhage. While it’s usually straightforward, knowing that this step is part of birth can help you feel more prepared and understand why your nurses and doctor pay close attention during this stage.

During a vaginal delivery, it’s common for the perineum to stretch and sometimes tear. Some moms may also have an episiotomy, a small surgical cut to help the baby come out safely. Whether it’s a tear or an episiotomy, your care team will stitch the area to support healing. It might feel sore, swollen, or tender in the first days, but proper care—using a peri bottle, ice packs, and gentle movement—can make a big difference. Remember, stitches are routine, and your body is incredibly resilient. Healing takes time, and each person’s experience is unique.

After birth, your healthcare team will monitor your vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, and breathing, to ensure your body is recovering well. They will also check your fundus (the top of your uterus) to make sure it is contracting properly, which helps prevent excessive bleeding. Monitoring is typically frequent in the first hours after delivery and gradually lessens as your body stabilizes. These checks help your care team catch potential complications early and give you peace of mind that your recovery is on track.

Recovering from childbirth can involve discomfort in your abdomen, perineum, or, if you had a C-section, your incision site. Hospitals offer various pain management options, including medications, ice packs, sitz baths, or specialized pillows for perineal support. Moving around as soon as you are able—safely and with assistance if needed—can also help reduce pain, improve circulation, and aid recovery. Your care team can guide you on what is safe and effective for your situation, and encourage you to ask for support whenever you need it.

After birth, nurses will regularly check your belly, specifically your fundus—the top of your uterus—to make sure it’s shrinking back down properly. This process helps prevent excessive bleeding and allows your body to recover safely. You may notice small blood clots or feel crampy sensations similar to strong period pains; this is completely normal and a sign your uterus is contracting as it should. While it can be uncomfortable, these checks are important for your healing and for monitoring your body’s progress in the days after delivery.

After delivery—whether you had an epidural, a vaginal birth, or a C-section—your body will need gentle movement to help recovery. Nurses will encourage and assist you to get up and use the bathroom, which might feel intimidating at first but is an important step in restoring circulation, preventing blood clots, and helping your bowels and bladder start functioning again. Take it slow, lean on support, and remember that each small step is part of your body’s amazing healing process.

After birth, it’s normal to experience lochia, a vaginal discharge that consists of blood, mucus, and uterine tissue. Initially, the bleeding may be heavy, bright red, and similar to a strong period, sometimes with small clots. Over the following days and weeks, it gradually lightens in color and amount, changing from red to pink, brown, and then yellow or white. Most birthing people go through pad changes every 2–4 hours in the first few days. You should call your care team if bleeding suddenly increases, you soak through a pad in an hour, or you notice large clots, foul odor, or dizziness. These signs can indicate complications that need prompt attention.

Many hospitals offer the option of professional newborn photos during your stay, which can be a wonderful way to capture those first moments. A word of caution about homemade or knitted blankets: some fabrics can be rough, scratchy, or even trigger a rash on a newborn’s delicate skin. If you want to use a special blanket for photos, make sure it’s soft, breathable, and pre-washed with a gentle, fragrance-free detergent to protect your baby’s sensitive skin.

Before you leave the hospital, both you and your baby will go through a few important final steps. Your baby will need to complete routine newborn screenings, which may include hearing tests, metabolic screenings, and vital checks to make sure they’re healthy and ready to go home. You, as the parent, will also need to be cleared by your care team, ensuring your vitals are stable, bleeding is under control, and you’re physically ready for the transition home. In addition, the hospital staff will help complete your baby’s birth certificate and other paperwork, making sure all legal and medical documentation is in order. These steps may feel like extra waiting, but they’re essential for a safe and smooth departure.

You don’t need to establish a patient profile with a pediatric practice until your baby is born, but before leaving the hospital, it’s important to have chosen a pediatrician and called to set up an appointment for one or two days after discharge. When selecting a pediatrician, consider practical factors such as the distance from your home, whether they have a walk-in clinic for urgent needs, and their emergency or after-hours protocol. Other helpful considerations include whether they have separate sick and well waiting rooms and their stance on vaccinations. Choosing a pediatrician ahead of time can help you feel prepared and confident in your baby’s care during those first critical days.

One of the wildest parts of becoming a parent is that nobody asks for qualifications or hands you a parenting manual before you walk out the door with your baby. You’re suddenly responsible for a tiny human, and it can feel overwhelming, scary, and amazing all at once. That’s why support, education, and guidance can be so valuable. There are a ton of parenting books and resources out there, and for some anxious parents, it can feel overwhelming to navigate all the opinions and “this is the way” advice. 

Choose your resources wisely, seek input when needed, and remember that every baby and family is different—there is no one right way. Make connections with birth educators, perinatal therapists, pelvic floor physical therapists, lactation consultants, and parent support groups so you have resources to tap into as needed. Even just one conversation, one class, or one check-in can give you the confidence and reassurance that you’re doing just fine.

When it’s finally time to leave the hospital, there are a few things to keep in mind. Your baby will need a car seat already installed and ready—hospitals won’t let you leave without one, so plan ahead and make sure it’s properly fitted. For parents, even if you’ve had a vaginal birth, you’ll likely be wheeled down to the parking lot in a wheelchair—your body has just gone through a major event, and it’s completely normal to need a little extra help getting to the car. Have someone ready to help with bags, your baby, and navigating the car ride home. Planning ahead can make this big transition smoother and less stressful.

Bringing a new baby home is a big adjustment for pets as well as parents. One helpful strategy is to have someone bring home an item the baby has worn in the hospital—like a hat or blanket—before your arrival. This allows your pet to become familiar with your baby’s scent ahead of time. Many pets are intuitive about pregnancy and delivery; often, they are curious and welcoming when meeting the baby for the first time. However, it’s important to supervise all interactions, watch for signs of stress or aggression, and set clear boundaries to keep everyone safe. Gradual introductions, positive reinforcement, and maintaining your pet’s routine as much as possible can help the transition go smoothly for the whole family.

Welcoming a new baby can be exciting—but also a big adjustment—for older siblings. Before bringing your baby home, it can help to talk about what life will be like with a new sibling, show pictures of the baby from the hospital, or let them feel the baby’s blanket or clothing to become familiar with the new arrival. 

We love these books: 

I'm a Big Sister

I'm a Big Brother

When your baby comes home, allow siblings to meet the baby in a calm, supervised setting and encourage gentle interactions, like kissing toes instead of touching the baby's face. Involve them in small tasks, like helping with diaper changes, choosing an outfit, or singing to the baby, to foster connection and a sense of responsibility. 

Remember, feelings of jealousy, confusion, or frustration are normal, and giving siblings attention, reassurance, and opportunities to express themselves will help them adjust to their new role over time.

Soreness, swelling, and tenderness are common after a vaginal delivery, especially if you had tearing or stitches. Over-the-counter pain relievers—or medications prescribed by your provider—can help manage discomfort. Ice packs are a simple, effective way to reduce swelling and provide soothing relief, particularly in the first 24–48 hours.

Keeping your perineal area clean is key to preventing infection and promoting healing. Change pads regularly and monitor for any concerning signs, like heavy bleeding, foul odor, or increased pain. Clean the area gently with mild soap and water during baths or showers, and use your peri bottle after using the bathroom to rinse thoroughly. If possible, a sitz bath twice a day can further soothe soreness and support healing. Maintaining good hygiene while being gentle with your body helps you recover more comfortably.

After delivery, your perineum—the area between the vagina and anus—can feel tender, especially if you had tearing or stitches. You’ll be given a small squirt bottle, called a peri bottle, to rinse yourself after using the bathroom. It’s soothing, keeps the area clean, and is much gentler than wiping with toilet paper in those first few days. A helpful tip: fill the bottle with warm water each time before you go—it feels much more soothing than cold water!

If you had a vaginal delivery, the sitz bath can feel like a pain in the butt (pun intended) to set up—but trust us, it’s worth it. Sitting in warm water helps reduce swelling, soothes soreness, and promotes healing of any tears or stitches. Think of it as a mini spa moment for your perineum (which deserves some TLC after what it just went through). Try to do it once or twice a day if you can, even for just 10–15 minutes.

Often, no one prepares you for this, but the first bowel movement after birth can feel more intimidating than the birth itself. Your body has been through a lot, and it’s normal to feel anxious about pooping while healing. Go slow, breathe deeply, use your peri bottle for comfort, and take stool softeners if recommended by your provider. Rest assured—you will not harm your stitches. Your pelvic floor has your back, and it will get easier with time.

A cesarean section is a major abdominal surgery, and your body needs time and attention to heal. Gentle movement, breathing exercises, and pelvic floor physical therapy can help you reconnect with your core and safely restore strength. 

Once your incision has fully healed, scar massage can be incredibly beneficial. It helps break up adhesions, improves circulation, and may reduce long-term tightness or numbness around the scar. Don’t be surprised if the area feels sensitive or “weird” at first—that’s completely normal. Working with a pelvic floor PT can guide you through a safe, gradual recovery and help you feel more at home in your body again. 

Many people also find it helpful to address  the emotional aspects of a C-section, such as through EMDR or therapy, which can support healing on both a physical and emotional level.

Managing discomfort is an important part of C-section recovery. Your provider may recommend prescription or over-the-counter pain relievers, depending on your needs and medical history. Ice packs or cold compresses applied over the incision can help reduce swelling and provide soothing relief. Listen to your body, take medications as directed, and don’t hesitate to ask your provider for guidance if pain feels unmanageable. Effective pain control allows you to move more comfortably, care for your baby, and support overall healing.

After a C-section, your body needs time to regain strength, but gentle movement is crucial for recovery. Short walks around the house can improve circulation, reduce the risk of blood clots, and support bowel function. Avoid lifting anything heavier than your baby for the first few weeks, and be mindful of your posture when sitting or standing. Gradually increase activity as your body allows, and consult your provider or a pelvic floor physical therapist if you’re unsure about safe exercises or movements.

Keeping your incision clean and dry is key to preventing infection. Most providers clear you for showering within 24–48 hours after surgery, but avoid soaking in baths, hot tubs, or swimming until your provider confirms it’s safe. Gently wash the incision with mild soap and water, pat it dry, and avoid rubbing. Monitor for signs of infection such as redness, swelling, warmth, or unusual discharge, and contact your healthcare provider if you notice anything concerning. Maintaining proper hygiene supports healing and helps you feel more comfortable during recovery.

Skin-to-skin contact in the days after birth has amazing benefits for both you and your baby. Holding your baby against your chest helps regulate their temperature, heart rate, and breathing, while also keeping you warm and supporting your own recovery. It promotes bonding, reduces stress, and can make breastfeeding easier by encouraging your baby’s natural feeding instincts. Even short sessions throughout the day make a big difference, helping your baby feel safe, secure, and soothed while you both adjust to this new life together.

Many moms experience night sweats in the weeks after birth, sometimes waking up completely soaked. This is a normal part of your body adjusting hormonally after pregnancy. Estrogen and progesterone levels drop rapidly, and your body sheds extra fluid and resets its temperature regulation. While it can be uncomfortable, it’s usually temporary. Wearing breathable pajamas, keeping a spare set of sheets nearby, and staying hydrated can help make these sweaty nights a little more manageable.

Many new moms notice significant hair shedding in the weeks to months after birth. This is completely normal and happens because the extra estrogen that helped keep your hair thick during pregnancy drops rapidly afterward. You might find hair in the shower, on your pillow, or in your brush—it can be alarming, but it’s temporary. Most people see their hair return to its pre-pregnancy thickness within six to twelve months. Gentle hair care, avoiding tight hairstyles, and patience are key during this phase.

Staying hydrated is crucial during the postpartum period, and even more so if you’re breastfeeding. Your body is working hard to produce milk, recover from birth, and keep up with the demands of a newborn. Many parents find it helpful to bring a giant water jug home from the hospital as a reminder to drink regularly. Keeping water within arm’s reach while feeding your baby can make a big difference in energy levels, milk supply, and overall wellbeing. Don’t underestimate the power of a simple sip!

Many new parents worry about resuming sex after birth. You may have heard dramatic stories—“It feels like a knife in your vagina”—and for some, the first few times can indeed be uncomfortable.

The truth is, every experience is different. Depending on your delivery, healing, hormones, and breastfeeding, sex can range from completely fine to temporarily painful.

Here are some tips:

• Don’t force it. Talk openly with your partner about your readiness, fears, and boundaries, and take things slowly.
   
• Use plenty of water-based lubrication. Hormonal changes can reduce natural moisture, so extra lubrication helps make intimacy more comfortable.
   
• Expect some awkward moments. It’s common for your breasts to leak milk during intimacy. This can feel unsettling as you navigate the difference between the sensual side of your body and the part that nourishes your baby. Using a nursing pad, keeping a playful sense of humor, and maintaining open communication with your partner can help you gradually reclaim intimacy.
   

Be patient with your body, communicate clearly, and remember—pleasure and connection typically return with time, care, and support.

In the days after birth, it’s common to experience sudden shifts in mood—going from elated to weepy in a matter of hours or even minutes. This emotional rollercoaster is often called the “baby blues” and is usually caused by rapid hormonal changes, exhaustion, and the overwhelming magnitude of becoming a parent. Most parents see these feelings ease within the first two weeks. 

If intense mood swings, sadness, or anxiety persist beyond two weeks, it’s important to reach out to your healthcare provider to be assessed for postpartum depression or anxiety (PMADs). Feeling this way doesn’t mean you’re doing anything wrong—it just means you’re human and navigating a major life transition.

Having a baby is life-changing, and even if you feel prepared, you will need support after birth—emotionally, physically, and socially. Postpartum groups, new parent classes, or even just a casual meet-up can make a huge difference. If nothing else, going once gives you a chance to get out of the house, connect with others, and realize that what you’re experiencing—whether exhaustion, mood swings, or sheer overwhelm—is completely normal. Having a support network in place can help you navigate those early weeks with more confidence and less isolation.

You can find more information about our postpartum group here. 

Despite what everyone tells you, breastfeeding doesn’t always come naturally. For some, it can hurt so badly it makes your toes curl, causes blisters, or leaves you feeling frustrated and exhausted. For others, it’s a breeze from day one. Either way, you don’t have to navigate it alone. Lactation support—from a certified lactation consultant, your nurse, or a knowledgeable postpartum provider—can make a huge difference in positioning, latch, and comfort, helping you feel more confident and supported as you feed your baby.

While breastfeeding is often encouraged, it’s important to remember that breast isn’t always best for every parent or baby. Choosing formula, or switching from breastfeeding to formula, is completely valid. Prioritizing your mental health, well-being, and your baby’s nutrition is what matters most. Many parents find that a combination of breast and formula feeding works best, and doing what keeps both you and your baby healthy and happy is always the right choice.

Breastfeeding can be challenging in the first days and weeks, and it’s common for nipples to feel sore or cracked as your baby learns to latch. Using a gentle, lanolin-based nipple cream can help soothe discomfort, protect delicate skin, and support healing. Apply a thin layer after each feeding, and many creams are safe for baby, so there’s no need to wipe it off before the next feeding. Remember, soreness is often temporary, and proper latch and positioning are key to preventing ongoing pain. If discomfort persists, consider reaching out to a lactation consultant for guidance—they can help ensure your baby is latching correctly and safely.

A proper latch and comfortable positioning are key to successful breastfeeding. Make sure your baby’s mouth covers both the nipple and part of the areola, and try different positions—such as cradle hold, football hold, or side-lying—to find what works best for you and your baby. Using pillows or rolled towels for support can make feeding more comfortable, and switching positions during a session can help prevent soreness and clogged ducts.

If you plan to pump, it can be helpful to establish a routine early. Pumping allows you to store milk for later feedings, maintain supply if you’re away from your baby, and even share feeding responsibilities with a partner. Store expressed milk in clean, labeled containers and follow safe refrigeration or freezing guidelines. Your lactation consultant can help you choose the right pump and schedule for your needs.

Babies signal hunger in subtle ways long before they start crying. Look for cues like rooting, sucking on hands, smacking lips, or becoming fussy. Feeding on demand rather than by a strict clock helps support your baby’s growth and can help establish your milk supply. Newborns typically feed every 2–3 hours, though every baby is different, so flexibility is important.

Many breastfeeding parents experience clogged milk ducts or blebs—small, white spots on the nipple that can be painful and make latching uncomfortable. Clogged ducts may cause localized swelling, tenderness, or even a small lump in the breast. Frequent feeding, gentle breast massage, warm compresses, and changing nursing positions often help clear the blockage. Blebs may require careful removal using a sterilized needle or guidance from a lactation consultant to prevent further discomfort. These issues are common, usually temporary, and manageable with support and proper techniques.

Mastitis is a breast infection that can cause pain, redness, swelling, and sometimes fever or flu-like symptoms. It often occurs when a clogged duct isn’t cleared promptly. Frequent feeding, gentle massage, warm compresses, and proper latch can help prevent and treat mastitis. If symptoms persist or worsen, contact your healthcare provider—antibiotics may be necessary.

Some parents experience an oversupply, which can lead to engorgement, plugged ducts, or forceful letdown, while others may struggle with undersupply. Both are common and usually manageable with guidance. Adjusting feeding frequency, pumping, and positions can help balance supply. Lactation consultants can provide personalized strategies to ensure your baby is getting enough milk and to help reduce discomfort.

A tongue tie or lip tie occurs when a baby’s tongue or upper lip is restricted by a tight piece of tissue, which can make latching difficult and cause nipple pain. Signs may include clicking noises, poor weight gain, or long, stressful feeding sessions. A lactation consultant or pediatrician can evaluate your baby and recommend options, which sometimes include a simple in-office procedure to release the tie.

Weaning is the process of gradually or fully stopping breastfeeding, whether because it’s no longer working for you, your baby’s needs have changed, or you’ve met your personal breastfeeding goals. When you decide it’s time to wean, it’s often best to do so gradually to make the transition more comfortable for both you and your baby and to reduce the risk of engorgement or blocked ducts. 

Some parents find home remedies helpful for managing discomfort and reducing milk supply, such as placing cabbage leaves on the breasts or using Sudafed (under guidance from your healthcare provider). 

Remember, there’s no one “right” way to wean—listen to your body, your baby, and your needs, and reach out to a lactation consultant if you need support during the process.

Your baby’s first poops—called meconium—are dark, sticky, and often look a little scary. It’s completely normal and part of the digestive transition after birth. Over the first few days, the color and consistency will change as your baby starts digesting breast milk or formula. While it might be shocking at first, it’s a normal, healthy sign that your baby’s system is working. A little tip: using Aquaphor or a gentle, baby-safe ointment can help clean up sticky meconium without irritating your newborn’s delicate skin.

It’s normal for newborns to have a slightly elongated or “cone-shaped” head after birth, especially if they were born vaginally. This happens because the soft bones of the skull mold to fit through the birth canal. Don’t worry—within a few days to weeks, your baby’s head will round out naturally as the bones shift and soften. It’s completely normal and not a sign of anything being wrong.

In the hospital, your care team will ask you to track diapers and feeding sessions. This helps ensure your baby is eating enough, staying hydrated, and producing regular bowel movements and wet diapers. Keeping a simple log for the first few days gives you and your care team valuable information and can help catch any issues early. It might feel a bit tedious, but it’s a key part of keeping your newborn healthy and thriving. There are several SmartPhone apps to help.

If you’re welcoming a baby boy, you’ll need to decide whether or not to have a circumcision. Many parents make this decision before birth, but it’s ultimately your choice. Keep in mind that OB/GYNs are trained surgeons and, if you choose to proceed, they will typically perform the procedure in the hospital shortly after birth. It can feel like a big decision, so take the time to gather information, discuss with your partner, and talk to your care team about timing, risks, and care afterward.

In the early weeks, babies are still adjusting to life outside the womb—and it can be a big transition. The world suddenly feels bright, loud, and unpredictable compared to the cozy, rhythmic environment they just left. That’s why recreating some of those familiar sensations can be so calming.

Dr. Harvey Karp’s “5 S’s” are a tried-and-true method for soothing fussy newborns:

1. Swaddle – Wrap your baby snugly (but safely) to mimic the security of the womb.
    
2. Side/Stomach position (for soothing only) – Hold your baby on their side or stomach while comforting them (always place them on their back to sleep).
    
3. Shush – Use white noise or a gentle “shhh” sound to replicate the whooshing noises they heard inside the womb.
    
4. Swing – Rock, sway, or bounce gently to recreate the motion they’re used to.
    
5. Suck – Offer a pacifier or let them nurse for comfort.
    

You don’t have to master all five—sometimes just one or two do the trick—but understanding these principles can make those long evenings a little easier. Many parents swear by a white noise machine or app to help their babies (and themselves) get better sleep. Just remember: every baby is different, so it might take some experimenting to find what works best for yours.

In those early weeks, it can feel like your baby’s cries are a mystery—but believe it or not, there’s a pattern to them. According to Priscilla Dunstan’s Baby Language, newborns make specific sounds that correspond to certain needs. Once you learn to recognize them, it can be surprisingly empowering (and sanity-saving).

Here are the main sounds she identified:

• “Neh” – Hunger. Caused by the sucking reflex.
   
• “Owh” – Tired. The sound comes from the mouth forming an oval shape, like a yawn.
   
• “Heh” – Discomfort. Usually means the baby is too hot, cold, or has a wet diaper.
   
• “Eairh” – Gas or lower belly discomfort.
   
• “Eh” – Need to burp.
   

While not every baby makes these sounds exactly the same way, many parents find that once they tune in, they can start anticipating what their baby needs before full-blown crying begins. It’s a powerful reminder that—even though communication is still nonverbal—you and your baby are already learning each other’s language.

One of the biggest surprises for new parents is just how much (and how often) newborns sleep. But here’s the catch—their wake windows are incredibly short. In the early weeks, babies can typically only stay awake for about 30 to 45 minutes before they start to get overtired. That window includes feeding, changing, and a few sweet minutes of awake time before they need to rest again.

It can feel counterintuitive, but the key is to put your baby down before they seem tired. Waiting until they’re yawning, rubbing their eyes, or fussing often means you’ve already missed the sweet spot. 

An overtired baby can be harder to settle and may cry more intensely. Learning your baby’s rhythms and watching the clock a bit in those early weeks can make naps (and nights) go more smoothly for everyone.

Even with frequent changes and gentle wipes, diaper rashes are almost inevitable at some point. Moisture, friction, and the natural acidity of urine and stool can irritate a baby’s delicate skin. Keeping the area clean and dry is key—let your baby go diaper-free for a few minutes when you can, and use a protective barrier like Aquaphor or zinc oxide cream during changes.

If you notice a rash that looks red, bumpy, or isn’t clearing up with regular diaper cream, it may be a yeast-related rash. In that case, an over-the-counter antifungal cream like Lotrimin (clotrimazole) can help. Apply a thin layer before your regular barrier cream. As always, check with your pediatrician if you’re unsure or if the rash worsens.

Every parent faces it eventually—the dreaded diaper blowout. When it happens, remember this golden rule: take the outfit off by pulling it down, not over your baby’s head. Most baby onesies are designed with expandable shoulders for this exact reason. Always keep a change (or two!) of clothes in your diaper bag—you’ll thank yourself later.

If blowouts start happening frequently, it’s often a sign that your baby is ready to size up in diapers. A slightly larger fit can prevent leaks and keep everyone a little cleaner and happier.

The potential for stillbirth or pregnancy loss is something no parent wants to think about. While it’s not common, even the healthiest pregnancies can bring expectant parents experiencing intrusive thoughts, wondering, “What if this happens to me?” If you’re one of those parents who feels that knowledge is power, here’s what we can share:

Experiencing a loss—whether due to discovering a fetal anomaly, choosing to terminate for medical reasons, or experiencing a late-gestational loss or stillbirth—is unimaginably painful. If the loss occurs before delivery, you may have a planned induction and a quieter birth, often without monitors.

If your baby is born still, holding your baby is often encouraged; many parents report that it helps with the grieving process and reduces trauma. You may also choose to take pictures or create keepsakes, such as hand or footprints—while it may not feel right at the moment, many find comfort in these memories later on.

You are still a parent of your baby, your “angel baby,” and there are ways to honor and memorialize your child. Talking with one of our therapists can help you explore meaningful rituals, memory-making, and ways to navigate grief in a safe and supportive space.

Remember: grief unfolds differently for everyone, and support—from your partner, family, friends, and mental health professionals—is vital. You will grow around the grief, and you do not have to navigate it alone. 

Sometimes, addressing the dreaded “what ifs” can actually lessen anxiety, allowing you to focus on your pregnancy with hope, confidence, and the intention that this information may never need to be relevant for you.

Let’s be real: birth is intense. It’s raw, primal, and—yes—sometimes downright disgusting. Many parents say, “I wish I would have known how intense and bloody it was gonna be!” 😂 

From bodily fluids to unexpected smells and messes, it’s a lot more than what you see in the movies. But here’s the thing: it’s also miraculous, empowering, and completely normal. Knowing what to expect—and having support—can make the chaos feel a little more manageable and a lot less shocking.

Being a birth partner can feel intense, overwhelming, and sometimes a little hilarious in hindsight. You might get yelled at—by your partner, the nurse, or even the doctor—to “hold the leg!” or help with something you didn’t expect. It’s also completely normal to feel helpless at times, watching someone you love go through intense labor and not being able to “fix” it. 

Birth is messy, primal, and chaotic, and everyone in the room is focused on keeping mom and baby safe. The best thing you can do is stay calm, follow instructions, and offer steady support—even if it means holding a leg, handing over ice chips, or just offering reassuring words at just the right moment. Your presence, encouragement, and calm energy are invaluable, and even small acts of support make a big difference.